In 2024, a Japanese-Swiss team of scientists created the world’s first efficient artificial photosynthetic reactor, capable of converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into liquid fuel with an efficiency of 23%—almost three times higher than the best solar panels. The device mimics the plant process, but instead of chlorophyll, it uses nanostructured catalysts based on cobalt and copper, which capture solar energy and “cross-link” molecules into hydrocarbons.
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The main innovation is sustainability. Early prototypes deteriorated within hours. The new reactor operates for six months without losing efficiency. This is made possible by a self-cleaning membrane that prevents the accumulation of byproducts. The system operates even in cloudy weather, using not only visible light but also infrared radiation.
Practical applications have already been launched: a pilot plant producing “solar kerosene” for aviation has been built in Dubai. It is completely CO₂ neutral: the emissions from burning the fuel equal the amount absorbed from the atmosphere during its production. Lufthansa and Emirates have signed contracts to purchase this fuel starting in 2026.
The invention is also revolutionary on a domestic scale. A microwave-sized mini-reactor can provide a family of four not only with electricity but also with fuel for their car. It connects to the plumbing and ventilation systems, extracting CO₂ from the air in the home. The device costs $1,200, and the payback period is less than two years.
